● TUretero-nephroscopy ndi njira yopangira opaleshoni yochepa kwambiri, yomwe cholinga chake chachikulu ndi kuchiza miyala ya mkodzo ndi minyewa ya mkodzo. Ngati kawerengedwe ka mkodzo wa wodwalayo ndi wamkulu kuposa 1.5 cm, nthawi zambiri amalangizidwa kuti wodwalayo agwiritse ntchito ureteroscopy ndi laser lithotripsy kuti alimbikitse kagayidwe kachakudya.
● Takhala odzipereka kupanga ndi kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha endoscope kuyambira 1998, ndipo mankhwala Kuphunzira m'munda wa mankhwala ku China ndi mkulu monga 70%, monga makasitomala athu khalidwe labwino kwambiri, ntchito akatswiri ndi yobereka mofulumira.